WikiPortallus: Southampton.html

The city represents the core of the Greater Southampton region, with a population of 228,600.⁴ The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.⁵

Southampton is noted for being the home of the RMS Titanic,⁶ the Spitfire⁷ and more recently a number of the largest cruise ships in the world.⁸⁹

History

Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been permanently inhabited since the stone age.¹⁰ The Romans established a gateway settlement known as Clausentum, shortly after their invasion of Britain in AD 43.¹⁰ It was an important trading port, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor, and was not abandoned until around 410.¹⁰

The Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary's area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic,¹⁰ which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton.¹¹ Archeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artifacts in Europe.¹⁰

Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century,¹² and by the 10th century, a fortified settlement, which became Medieval Southampton had been established.¹³

Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century¹⁴ and by the 13th century, Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the trade of French Wine¹³ in exchange for English cloth and wool.¹⁵

Surviving remains of 12th Century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time.¹⁶ In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.¹⁷

The town was sacked in 1338 by the French, including the pirate Rainier Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco.¹⁸ After this attack, the city's walls—part of which dates from 1175—were extensively added to and reinforced.¹⁹²⁰ A large part of the town's walls remain today.²¹

The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England.²² Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board.²⁰ Today, it is open as the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were completed in the 15th century,²³ but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII, meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.²⁴

In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton.²⁵ The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.²⁵

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V famous warship Grace Dieu was built in Southampton.¹⁴ Walter Taylors 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution.²⁶ From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton,¹⁴ building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.¹⁴

Southampton has been used for military embarkation, also fulfilling that role during 18th Century wars with the French,²⁹ the Crimean war,³⁰ and the Boer War.³¹ Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War¹⁴ and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs.¹⁴ It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944.¹⁴

Southampton became a spa town in 1740.³² It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s,³² despite the lack of a good quality beach.³² Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay,³² with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.³²

The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era.¹⁴ The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835.¹⁴ In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid¹⁴ and the first dock opened in 1842.¹⁴ The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades.¹⁴ The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840.¹⁴ Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire.³³

The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620.¹⁹ In 1912 the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Many of the crew on-board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city.¹⁹ Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard and their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her sister ship RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways.¹⁴ Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968¹⁴ and has continued to expand.

The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the Schneider trophy winning seaplanes of the 1920s and 1930s. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it and homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the Invasion of Europe, components for Mulberry Harbour were built here.¹⁴ After D-Day, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied,¹⁴ making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944.³⁴

Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World-War II.¹⁴ Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938.¹⁴ However a large portion of those walls remain standing today, leaving Southampton with one of the longest surviving remnants of medieveal walls in the country.

A Royal Charter in 1952¹⁴ upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton.¹⁴ Southampton acquired city status becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.¹⁴

Government

Southampton used to be a County Borough within the county of Hampshire, which in the past was known as the County of Southampton³⁵ or Southamptonshire.³⁶ This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974. However, the city became independent administratively from that county as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government re-organisation on 1 April 1997 - a result of the 1992 Local Government Act. The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county.

Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors elected by thirds. After the 2007 local council elections on 3 May 2007 the Council was split with 18 seats each to the Labour and the Conservative Party, each having gained two, and 12 to the Liberal Democrats. The Conservatives took control in May 2007, after a Liberal Democrat resigned from her group to become an independent and voted for the Conservative leader Alec Samuels. During the budget setting meeting on 20 February 2008, a no confidence motion was passed and Labour and the Liberal Democrats formed a coalition.

In the local elections on 1 May 2008, the Conservatives took overall control of Southampton, winning 15 of the 17 seats being contested. Both the Labour and Liberal Democrat leaders lost their seats to young Conservative challengers.

Geography and climate

The geography of Southampton is very much influenced by the sea and rivers. The city sits at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deepwater estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge.³⁷ The Test - which has saltmarsh that make it ideal for Salmon fishing³⁸ - runs along the Western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two - east and west. The city centre is located on the peninsula between the two rivers.

Much of the waterfront has been reclaimed over the years, mainly for use as the Western Docks.³⁹ Most of the land used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water,⁴⁰ to ensure that the port can continue to handle some of the largest ships in the world. The shape of the coastline gives rise to a natural phenomena in Southampton, known as the double tide.⁴¹ This gives the port a much longer high tide period than other ports, making the movement of large ships easier.⁴²⁴³

The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are a number of bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbrige in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen, Hampshire runs through the middle of the city and is bridged at in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built,⁴⁵ is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom.⁴⁶ The southernmost bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge.

Demographics

Southampton has a range of cultures and ethnic groups, which make up the estimated 228,600 people living within the city boundary. There is a large Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000, or 1 in every 10 of the total population.⁴⁸ Southampton also has large Asian and Irish communities. At the 2001 Census, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace were white – including one per cent white Irish – 3.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent Black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of mixed race.⁴⁹

In total, there are 112,400 males within the city and 109,500 females.⁵⁰ The 20-24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 28,100 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25-29 range with 20,500 people and then 30-34 years with 17,000.⁵¹ By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth.

Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent - the tenth biggest increase in England.⁵² In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth respectively.⁵³ Hampshire County Council expects the city's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013, adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents.⁵⁴ The highest increases are expected among the elderly.⁵⁵

Economy

There are 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seekers allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population, as of March 2007.⁵⁶ This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole.

As of June 2006, 74.7 per cent of the city's population are classed as economically active.⁵⁷

Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent.⁵⁸ Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.⁵²

As of January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.⁵⁹

Southampton has always been connected with maritime matters, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships, its heyday being the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage⁶⁰, with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Part of the docks have been redeveloped, however, as the Ocean Village development, a local marina and entertainment complex. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and of the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport.

During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and automobile manufacture, cables, electrical-engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now sit alongside the city's traditional industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.³

Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to half a million people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than three million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House.

Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters are in the city. The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton.⁶¹ The area of Swaythling is home to Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant, where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured.

Southampton's largest retail centre is the West Quay Shopping Centre. Opened in September 2000 and hosting major High Street brands it is one of the largest in the country. The centre was phase two of the West Quay development. The first was the West Quay Retail park, while the third phase has been planned for a number of years with the latest target of work starting being 2010 and now called Watermark Westquay. The plans include building more shops, housing, hotel and a public piazza with a open date of 2012. [3] New offices for Carnival Cruises will open in late 2008. Southampton has been granted a licence for a large casino.⁶²

Swedish home products retailer IKEA will open a store in February 2009.⁶³⁶⁴ near West Quay. Other major shopping areas in the city centre include The Mall Marlands, The Bargate Centre and the East Street area, which has been designated for speciality shopping, with the aim of promoting smaller retailers. Southampton is ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.⁶⁵

Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina,⁶⁶ and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a £100m development.⁶⁷

Another project would have been the permanent docking of the Queen Elizabeth 2 in Southampton (her home port since 1969) as a floating hotel and tourist attraction when she is retired;⁶⁸ however, Cunard Line announced on June 18, 2007, that the ship will be sold to Dubai.⁶⁹

Southampton is the only city in the UK with a geothermal power station. The station provides hot water to a city centre district heating scheme. In a recent survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom.⁷⁰

According to figures from 2004, Southampton contributes around £4.2bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.⁷¹

Culture, media and sport

Culture

The city is home to the second longest medieval walls in England that are still standing,⁷² as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House, The Maritime Museum⁷³ and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation. The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present.⁷⁴ It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968.⁷⁵ The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.⁷⁶

Southampton has been voted one of the best places to live in the UK for single people aged 18 to 30, owing to its low cost of living, wide array of bars and clubs and cheap transport. Women voted it second best behind London, while men rated it as seventh.⁷⁷

There are many well-established music venues, including The Brook⁷⁸, The Talking Heads⁷⁹, The Soul Cellar⁸⁰, The Turner Sims Concert Hall⁸¹ and The Joiners⁸². The Joiners has played host to acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, P J Harvey, The Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, The Libertines and Franz Ferdinand. The city is home to R'n'B soulstar Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion. There are many famous 'Sotonians'⁵ including Jane Austen and Danny La Rue and it was the birthplace of comedian Benny Hill.

The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre, which hosts a number of West End shows, such as Les Miserables, The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. There is also the Nuffield Theatre⁸³ based at the University of Southampton's Higfield campus. The city is home to several art galleries, including the council run gallery at the Civic Centre, The Art House ⁸⁴ in Bedford Place⁸⁵ and Spice Arts⁸⁶ in Bitterne Triangle.⁸⁷

Cunard & Culture

The city is deeply connected to the Cunard Line and their fleet of ships; which are the only passenger vessels to be registered in this city (and thus wear the name "Southampton" on the stern). The people of Southampton showed their deep connection to Cunard on November 11th, 2008 when the Cunard Liner Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations. ⁸⁸

Media

Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC South, which has its regional headquarters in the city centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Today, the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 km) from the city. Until recently, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city. Commercial radio stations include Radio Hampshire - which until 2007 was run by Southampton F.C.⁸⁹ and known as The Saint -, Wave 105, Galaxy South Coast (previously known as Power FM), Ocean FM and The Coast.

Southampton's University also broadcasts its very own radio station called SURGE on AM band as well as through the web.

Sport

Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club - nicknamed "The Saints" - who play in the Football League Championship at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated some years ago from their former location, "The Dell". The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League. Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground, near the city centre.

The city is famous for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina.

The city also boasts the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre, theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes.⁹⁰

Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership.⁹¹ In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country.⁹² Speedway racing took place at Bannister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area. Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the U.K., the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh.

Crime

According to government figures Southampton has a higher crime rate than the national average.⁹⁴ In the violence against the person category, the national average is 16.7 per 1000 population while Southampton is 39.4 per 1000 population and in the theft from a vehicle category, the national average is 7.6 per 1000 compared to Southampton's 26.4 per 1000. Overall, for every 1,000 people in the city, 182 crimes are recorded.⁹⁴ In August 2008, a Home Office crime report showed that Southampton is the 3rd most dangerous city in the UK.⁹⁵ The city has a growing knife culture;^{citation needed} Narcotics in Southampton are a big problem with higher marijuana, heroin and ecstacy consumers then anywhere else in the South East and South Coast of England according to Home office statistics.

Education

The University of Southampton - which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952 - is one of the top 10 research universities in the UK,⁹⁷⁹⁸⁹⁹ and has over 22,000 students.⁹⁷ It is considered one of the top 80 universities in the world (Times Higher Education World Rankings 2007). It provides services for the business community. The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences¹⁰⁰, oceanography, chemistry, cancer sciences, sound and vibration research¹⁰¹, computer science and electronics, optoelectronics and textile conservation at the Textile Conservation Centre¹⁰² (which is due to close in October 2009.) It is also home to the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, the focus of Natural Environment Research Council-funded marine research.

Southampton Solent University has 17,000¹⁰³ students and its strengths are in the training, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for business and industry. ¹⁰⁴ It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries.

Over 40 per cent of school pupils in the city that responded to a survey claimed to have been the victim of bullying. More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form, although physical bullying was a close second for boys.¹⁰⁶

Transport

Because Southampton is a major port, it has good transport links with the rest of the country. The M27 motorway, linking places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The M3 motorway links the city to London and also, by linking to the A34 road at Winchester with the Midlands and North. The M271 motorway is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.

Southampton is also well served by the rail network, which is used by both freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to destinations such as Salisbury, Bristol, and Bournemouth.

Southampton Coach Station, which is located near the West Quay Shopping Centre, was recently refurbished.

Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of Southampton. It hosts flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and a number of bus services.

Whilst Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.

Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar. Other operators include Brijan Tours, Stagecoach, Velvet and Wilts & Dorset. The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town. Previously run by Enterprise, it is now run by Bluestar. Free buses are provided by City-link and City Loop.¹⁰⁷ The City-link runs from the Red Funnel ferry terminal at Town Quay to Central station via WestQuay and is operated by Bluestar.¹⁰⁸ There is also a door to door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.

There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.

Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s.¹⁰⁹ However a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Now the new Ian Harold Brown car reception area fills the Eastern Docks.

Areas and suburbs

Clickable location map showing settlements and suburbs within Greater Southampton. O denotes settlements within Southampton city boundary; X represents settlements outside of the boundary.

Southampton is subdivided into council wards, suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical parishes, and other less formal areas.

Southampton is named the 'Green City' as it is graced with green spaces and parks. The largest green space is the 148 hectare Southampton Common,¹¹⁰ parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals, circuses and fun fairs. The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre¹¹¹ on the former site of Southampton Zoo, a swimming pool and several lakes and ponds.

There are council estates such as those in the Weston, Thornhill and Townhill Park districts. Overall, the city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.¹¹²

During the 2006/07 financial year, 1,267 residential dwellings were built in the city - the highest number for 15 years. Over 94 per cent of these properties were flats.¹¹³

There are 16 Electoral Wards in Southampton, each consisting of longer-established neighbourhoods (see below).

Southampton.html

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