WikiPortallus: Johns Hopkins University.html

The university is named after Johns Hopkins, who left $8 million in his 1873 will for the foundation of the university and Johns Hopkins Hospital. At the time, this was the largest philanthropic bequest in U.S. history, the equivalent of over $131 million in the year 2006. The university opened on February 22, 1876, with the stated goal of "The encouragement of research ... and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue, and the society where they dwell."^[5]

Johns Hopkins was the first university in the United States to emphasize research, applying the German university model developed by Wilhelm von Humboldt and Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher.^[6] Johns Hopkins is the first American university to teach through seminars, instead of solely through lectures, as well as the first university in America to offer an undergraduate major (as opposed to a purely liberal arts curriculum).^[7] As such Johns Hopkins was a model for most large research universities in the United States, particularly the University of Chicago.^[8] According to the National Science Foundation ranking, Johns Hopkins performed $1.49 billion in science, medical and engineering research in fiscal year 2006, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total Research & Development spending for the 28th year in a row.^[9]

General information

The university's first president was Daniel Coit Gilman. Its motto in Latin is Veritas vos liberabit – "The truth shall make you free." While women had previously been admitted to graduate programs, the undergraduate program admitted only men up until 1970. Admission of women to Johns Hopkins undergraduate programs was not considered until the late 1960s. The decision to admit females was announced in October 1969, and in the fall of 1970, women were finally admitted into the undergraduate programs. In the academic year 1970-1971, 4.7% of students in the Arts and Sciences programs were women. In the year 1985-1986 the proportion of female students in the Arts and Sciences programs had increased to around 38%. Currently, the undergraduate population is 47% female and 53% male.^[10]

Origin of the name

The peculiar first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, and his name was passed on to his grandson, the university's founder (1795-1873).

Milton Eisenhower, a president of JHU, was once invited to speak to a convention in Pittsburgh. Making a common mistake, the emcee introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."^[11]

In a commencement address to the undergraduate Class of 2001, university president William R. Brody had the following to say about the name:^[12]: "In 1888, just 12 years after the university was founded, Mark Twain wrote about this university in a letter to a friend. He said:

Campuses

Homewood campus

The original main university campus was in downtown Baltimore City. However, this location did not permit room for growth and the trustees began to look for a place to move. Eventually, they would relocate to the estate of Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Homewood House, a wedding gift from Charles to his son Charles Jr.

The park-like main campus of Johns Hopkins, Homewood, is set on 140 acres (0.57 km²) in the northern part of Baltimore. The architecture was modeled after the Georgian-inspired Federalist style of Homewood House. Most newer buildings resemble this style, being built of red brick with white marble trim, but lack the details. Homewood House was later used for administrative offices but now is preserved as a museum.

As a part of the donation, Hopkins was required to donate part of the land for art. As a result, the Baltimore Museum of Art, which is not part of the university, is situated next to the University's campus, just southeast of Shriver Hall.

The Decker Gardens, bordered by the Greenhouse, Nichols House and the Johns Hopkins Club, were originally known as the Botanical Gardens and were used by members of the Department of Biology to grow plants for research. By the early 1950s, the gardens no longer served an educational purpose, and in 1958, when Nichols House was built as the president's residence, they were completely re-landscaped with aesthetic criteria in mind. In 1976, the gardens were done over again, and named for trustee Alonzo G. Decker, Jr. and members of his family in appreciation for their generosity to Hopkins.

The statue in the middle of the pool, the Sea Urchin, was sculpted by Edward Berge. It stood in Mount Vernon Place, near the Washington Monument, for 34 years before being replaced by a 7'10" copy, which fit in better with its monumental surroundings. Frank R. Huber, the man who left the city the money to make the copy, asked that the original be given to Paul M. Higinbotham, who donated it to the university. North of the campus, also on Charles Street, we find the Evergreen House, one of Hopkins' museums.

Medical institutions campus

Academics

Divisions

Profile

2008

For students wishing to enter into the Class of 2012, the Johns Hopkins University received 16,006 applications, up 7% from the year before and up 79% since 2002. ^[16] Of the 3,578 admits, 49 percent are women, and 732 are minority students (351 African- American, 355 Hispanic, 26 Native American). The top 10 states of admitted students in descending order are New York, California, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Florida, Virginia, Texas and Connecticut. There are 254 students residing abroad and countries and territories from which more than one student was admitted include Australia, Brunei, Canada, China (and Hong Kong), Costa Rica, Honduras, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and Venezuela. The median SAT scores were critical reading 720, math 750, and writing 720. ^[15]

2007

A total of 14,848 high school seniors applied for regular admission to the Johns Hopkins Class of 2011, an increase of 7 percent over the total for the Class of 2010 and of 30 percent over the Class of 2009.^[17] Regular decision admission was offered to 3,145 students; those who enroll will join the 443 who were admitted early. The target class size is 1,205, with 800 enrolled in Arts and Sciences and 405 in Engineering.^[17] The highest number of acceptances went out to, in order, applicants from New York, California, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The total of admits includes 325 who identified themselves as African-American, 302 Hispanic and 21 Native American.^[17]

Students residing in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, and 57 countries were offered admission this year. The total number of non-U.S. citizens admitted was 189.^[17] Once again, Baltimore students are well-represented in the admitted class, with 31 students selected for the Baltimore Scholars Program. The admittance rate was a strikingly low 24 percent. Just two years ago, the rate was 35 percent.^[17]

Johns Hopkins accepted 27 percent of 13,869 applicants for entrance into the fall 2006 freshman class. Undergraduate students matriculate from all 50 states and more than 50 countries. Within six years of graduation, 85 percent of Hopkins students earn graduate degrees, the highest percentage in the nation.

The number of applicants has increased by 156 percent from 2002, one of the largest increases in the U.S.^{citation needed} In 2006 the pool of admitted students closely resembled that of 2005. The average SAT score remained constant at 1440, while average high school GPA has increased by only 0.02 points, to 3.85.^[18] Approximately 48 percent of undergraduates receive financial aid at the Johns Hopkins University. The average need-based financial aid package for freshmen totals $29,472 for the Class of 2010. Further, the total grants and scholarships awarded to students in 2004-2005 was $41,570,000. ^[3]

There are multiple scholarships available for students including, but not limited to the Baltimore Scholars Program, Bloomberg Scholarship, Hodson-Gilliam Success Scholarship, Hodson Trust Scholarship, ROTC (Army) Scholarship, Trustee Scholarship, Charles R. Westgate Scholarship, and the Woodrow Wilson Undergraduate Research Fellowship.^[3]

Rankings

At the undergraduate level, in its annual National Universities ranking U.S. News placed the Johns Hopkins University 14th (tied with Brown University and Northwestern University) for 2008,^[19] up from 16th in 2007. Hopkins ranked 8th in that publication's peer assessment category this year, and is also one of a select group of universities to have ever been top 10 in the nation overall.^[20]

Research

The opportunity to be involved in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of an undergraduate education at Johns Hopkins. About 80 percent of the university's undergraduates engage in some form of independent research during their four years, most often alongside top researchers in their fields.^[25] Johns Hopkins receives more dollars in federal research grants than any other university in the United States.^[9] 32 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni or present or former faculty members^[26]. It boasts a wide spectrum in terms of its academic strengths, particularly in art history, biological and natural sciences, biomedical engineering, creative writing, English, history, economics, international studies, medicine, music, neuroscience, nursing, political theory, public health, public policy, and the Romance languages.

The Johns Hopkins University performed $1.49 billion in science, medical and engineering research in fiscal year 2006, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 28th year in a row, according to a new National Science Foundation ranking.^[9] The university also ranked first on the NSF's separate list of federally funded research and development, spending $1.3 billion in FY2006 on research supported by such agencies as the National Institutes of Health, NASA, the NSF and the Department of Defense.^[9] In FY2002, Johns Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research that year.

Library

The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes.^[27] It includes ten main divisions: the Sheridan Libraries at Homewood, the Medical Institutions Libraries, the School of Nursing Library, Abraham M. Lilienfeld Library at the Bloomberg School, the Peabody Institute Library, the Carey Business School and School of Education libraries, the School of Advanced International Studies Libraries (Sydney R. and Elsa W. Mason Library and Bologna Center Library), the R.E. Gibson Library at the Applied Physics Laboratory Library and other minor satellite locations, as well as the archives.

The Milton S. Eisenhower Library (called "MSE" by students), located on the Homewood campus, is the main library. It houses over 2.6 million volumes and over 20,000 journal subscriptions. The Eisenhower Library is a member of the university's Sheridan Libraries encompassing collections at the Albert D. Hutzler Reading Room (called "The Hut" by students) in Gilman Hall, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at Mount Vernon Place. Together these collections provide the major research library resources for the university, serving Johns Hopkins academic programs worldwide. The library was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Only two of the MSE library's six stories are above ground; the rest are beneath, though architects designed the building so that every level has windows and natural light. The design accords with a bit of traditional campus lore which says no structure on campus can be taller than Gilman Hall, the oldest academic building. There is no written rule regarding building height, however, and the library's design was chosen for architectural and aesthetic reasons when it was finally built in the 1960s.

Student life

The blueprints for a new programming board called The Hopkins Organization for Programming ("The HOP") were drawn on up during the summer and fall of 2006.

Johns Hopkins currently supports 10 fraternities and four sororities sponsored by the Inter-Fraternity Council and Panhellenic society, including the fraternities Sigma Chi, Sigma Phi Epsilon ("SigEp"), Sigma Alpha Epsilon ("S.A.E."), Lambda Phi Epsilon, Beta Theta Pi, Alpha Delta Phi ("Wawa"), Alpha Epsilon Pi, Phi Kappa Psi ("Phi Psi"), Phi Gamma Delta ("Fiji"), and Pi Kappa Alpha ("Pike"), and the sororities Alpha Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, and Phi Mu. In addition, the Delta Phi ("St. Elmo") maintains a chapter exclusive to students at Johns Hopkins. Approximately 1/5 of male undergraduates and 1/5 of female undergraduates belong to the Greek system. Most of the fraternities maintain houses off campus; the sororities tend not to do so, although Phi Mu has a house that is on-campus housing for the sisters to live in. As at many American universities, it is a widely believed rumor that the sororities are not permitted to have houses because of a state "Brothel Law" prohibiting the cohabitation of more than eight women. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter even reported the existence of such a law in 2001.^[28] Snopes.com reports that such laws do not exist.^[29]

In addition Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school for additional student housing and dormitories. The Charles Village Project, scheduled for completion in 2008, will bring new commercial spaces to the neighborhood. The project includes Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes a Barnes & Noble and a Starbucks.^[30] A Chipotle Mexican Grill and Starbucks have moved in, and the university itself has installed a new Einstein Bros. Bagels^[31] franchise in Wolman Hall.

Hopkins has also invested heavily in improving campus life for its students with creation in 2001 of an arts complex, the Mattin Center; and a three-story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on-campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006, and the caterer was switched from Sodexho to Aramark.

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender student organization, The Diverse Sexuality and Gender Alliance, affectionately called DSAGA, at Hopkins is well known. Annually DSAGA organizes and oversees the Awareness Days Program. This program is a series of events and speakers with the focus on LGBTA inclusivity and awareness.

Student publications

Hopkins has many publications that are produced entirely by students. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, founded in 1896, is the oldest continuously published weekly college newspaper in the nation.[3] The Hopkins Donkey is a political newspaper with a Democratic perspective on international, national and state-wide political topics. The Carrollton Record is a political newspaper with an American conservative perspective on campus and city-wide politics.[4] Thoroughfare, Zeniada and j.mag are literary magazines. Prometheus is the undergraduate philosophy journal.[5] Frame of Reference is an annual magazine that focuses on film and film culture [6]. The New Diplomat is the multi-disciplinary international relations journal. Foundations is the undergraduate history journal. Américas is the Latin American Studies journal. Argot is the undergraduate anthropology journal.[7]

The Black & Blue Jay is among the nation's oldest humor magazines. It was founded in 1920.^[32] According to The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, it was the magazine's name which led the News-Letter to first use the moniker Blue Jays to refer to a Hopkins athletic team in 1923.^[33] While the magazine enjoyed popularity among students, it received repeated opposition from the university administration, reportedly for its vulgar sense of humor. In October 1934, Dean Edward R. Berry removed financial support for the magazine; without funding, the magazine continued under the name The Blue Jay until Berry threatened to expel the editors in 1939. The magazine had a revival in 1984, and has published intermittently since then.^[34]

Controversy

Johns Hopkins is on the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education's (FIRE) "red alert" list. FIRE is a nonprofit educational foundation advocating freedom of speech, legal equality, due process, religious liberty, and sanctity of conscience. Currently, a handful of schools in the United States are on the list.

According to FIRE, Johns Hopkins University earned its Red Alert designation by suspending eighteen-year-old junior Justin Park for posting an offensive Halloween party invitation on the popular social networking site Facebook.com. His penalty was later reduced. [8]

The 'Green Campus' at Hopkins

Johns Hopkins University has a significant and complex approach to implementing sustainability initiatives. As of May 2008, they include the following ^[35]:

Johns Hopkins has students known as Eco-Reps on campus. The purpose of the ECO-Rep program is to increase environmental awareness and sustainable actions among Johns Hopkins freshmen through focused activities, the dissemination of information, and the promotion of competition. Up to 10 Freshmen will be selected each September to become ECO-Reps for the school year. ^[35]

Climate Change & Energy

The new Manager of Energy and Environmental Stewardship began work in spring 2006 to upgrade inefficient appliances and lighting on campus. Energy retrofits in certain buildings have resulted in energy conservation of over 50 percent.^[36] Carbon emissions are currently being inventoried and electric vehicles are used for some campus transportation needs. Another portion of transportation needs on the main campus are being met by a partnership with Flexcar, which has four vehicles stationed on-site. The University intends to secure a percentage of green electricity by working with wind power developers and with a local dairy farm that converts food and farm wastes into green electricity through anaerobic digestion. Plans are being developed to install solar thermal panels on the recreation center to provide heating and hot water needs.^[36]

Food & Recycling

Johns Hopkins recently switched its dining services providers from Sodexho to Aramark, citing improved environmental services as an influential reason for the change.^{citation needed} Dining services managers prioritize the purchasing of locally sourced produce and seafood, and organic food is being integrated into the menu.^[36] In addition, the smaller cafés around campus sell exclusively organic, shade-grown coffees. There is currently a small pilot composting program on the undergraduate campus.^[36]

Green Buildings

The University is currently pursuing LEED certification for several new and existing buildings and typically considers the feasibility of LEED programs for all new projects that involve upgrades of existing buildings or new construction. For minor renovations, the University uses LEED principles as guidelines.^[36] Retrofits include a green roof deck, experimentation with waterless urinals and low-flow shower heads, and upgraded fluorescent lighting that has reduced lighting load on one campus by over 40 percent. Similar lighting retrofits are underway at all other campuses. In 2004, one campus completed a water conservation retrofit that annually saves over eight million gallons of water.^[36]

Sustainability & Student Groups

Johns Hopkins students have historically been active in sustainability activities. Students have contributed significantly to many of our environmental successes, such as getting the JHU recycling program off the ground, hosting a national "Greening" conference, launching a transportation shuttle service between campuses, and making the campus more bike-friendly. Each year students are involved in countless activities that promote sustainability on Hopkins campuses. Some of the active groups on campus include^[35] Students for Environmental Action, Engineers for a Sustainable World, the Roosevelt Institution, Hopkins Energy Action Team and Engineers Without Borders among others.

Campus Expansion & Developments

The Johns Hopkins University, working with Collegetown Development Alliance, a joint venture team composed of Struever Brothers, Eccles & Rouse and Capstone Development recently teamed up to develop a mixed use project featuring student housing, a central dining facility and a major campus bookstore.

The site, called Charles Commons and completed in September 2006, is located at 33rd Street between Charles and St. Paul Streets. The approximately 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m²) development includes housing for approximately 618 students, with supporting amenity spaces; a central dining facility and specialty dining area with seating capacity of approximately 330; an approximately 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m²). bookstore run by Barnes and Noble College Division which includes the traditional offerings of a college bookstore (textbooks, school supplies, dorm product, etc.) as well as a cafe that serves Starbucks coffee, an extensive assortment of general books, and convenience products.

The Decker Quadrangle development constitutes the last large building site on the contiguous Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, making it the most important project on campus since the development of the two original quadrangles. In this first phase, the project includes a visitors and admissions center, a computational sciences building ^[37], and an underground parking structure, creating a new quadrangle, south of Garland Hall, named in honor of Alonso G. and Virginia G. Decker. Importantly, the project establishes a new public entrance for the campus and recognizes the potential for future growth of campus activities sited across Wyman Park Drive.

Recently, the university announced a $73 million renovation of Gilman Hall, the academic centerpiece of the Homewood Campus. The renovation will include updating all classrooms in the building, as well as a full replacement of the infrastructure of the building. Gilman hall, superficially renovated in the 1980s will now include a movie theater and a large atrium, with a glass roof. The atrium will have a sky-walk from the entrance of the building to the Hutzler Undergraduate Reading Room and will contain the university's premier archaeological collection. The project is slated for completion for the 2010-2011 academic year.^[38]

Athletics

Athletic teams at Johns Hopkins are called the Blue Jays. The university's athletic colors are Columbia blue and black. (Sable and gold are used for academic robes.) Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. Outside of the Men's and Women's Division I lacrosse teams, Hopkins participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III and the Centennial Conference.

Hopkins also has several notable Division III Athletic teams. 2006-2007 saw Hopkins winning the Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Hopkins also has an acclaimed fencing team, which has ranked in the top three of Division III teams in the past few years and in both 2008 and 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team. In 2008 they defeated UNC by one bout, winning the MACFA championship. The Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. The Men's Swimming team placed second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team has been number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2008, the Hopkins Blue Jays Baseball team played, and lost, in the final of the Division III College World Series.^[39]

Presidents of Johns Hopkins

Notable alumni, professors, and staff

Affiliates

The university in popular culture

In non-fiction

In fiction

In film

Photographs

References

^ "President Brody's release letter on June 12, 2008". WSJ.com (2007).
^ ^a ^b "At a Glance". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Hopkins Admissions", Johns Hopkins University (2007-03-05). Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
^ www.jhu.edu/registrat/reports/fall07/headcount.pdf
^ "A Brief History of JHU". The Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ "On Campus: Johns Hopkins University". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved on 2006-11-14.
^ "Johns Hopkins Magazine". Johns Hopkins University (2007). Retrieved on 2007-01-01.
^ "Following the lead of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, fifteen American institutions came to define the American research university..."
Arizona State University president Michael Crow (November 2002). "Inaugural Address: "A New American University"". Arizona State University. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Johns Hopkins First in R&D Expenditures for 28th Year". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
^ http://members.ucan-network.org/jhu | U-CAN: Johns Hopkins University :: Page 1
^ Laura Vozzella (2006-12-15). "Cheesecake on the Tart Side". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.: "University spokesman Dennis O'Shea checked with Ross Jones, who was Eisenhower's assistant. And Jones confirmed it... Ross told O'Shea: 'I remember him telling me about it first thing after he got back. He was tickled with himself for picking up on it so quickly with that response. And then it became a legend! He would love the fact that it still has legs.'"
^ Headlines@Hopkins. "Commencement 2001". Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
^ "Krieger School of Arts & Sciences". Johns Hopkins University (2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
^ ^a ^b U.S. News and World Report has also consistently ranked the school of public health #1 in the nation for many years. "What do you consider the top five terminal masters [sic] programs in international relations for students looking to pursue a policy career? [65% of respondents included Johns Hopkins.]" (p. 26)
Peterson, Susan; Michael J. Tierney, Daniel Maliniak (August 2005). "Teaching and Research Practices, Views on the Discipline, and Policy Attitudes of International Relations Faculty at U.S. Colleges and Universities" (PDF).
The study's results also appeared in Foreign Policy (Nov/Dec 2005).
^ ^a ^b "JHU Says 'Yes!'". Johns Hopkins University (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-01.
^ "Johns Hopkins University Gazette". Johns Hopkins University (2008). Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Johns Hopkins University Gazette April 2, 2007". Johns Hopkins University (2007). Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
^ Mitrano, Erica (2006-05-05). "Class of '10 Follows Competitive Trend", The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved on 2006-11-22.
^ "America's Best Colleges 2007: National Universities: Top Schools". U.S. News and World Report (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
^ [In sidebar] "Johns Hopkins...Last year...Tie for 13th"
Shapira, Ian (2006-08-21). "Ivy Rankings? Rah, Rah, Sis-Boom-Blah". The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ U.S. News & World Report's Best Hospitals
^ "America's Best Graduate Schools 2007: Top Medical Schools". Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
^ Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing - School Facts
^ "Top 500 World Universities". Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-12.
^ "Johns Hopkins News Release - JHU". Johns Hopkins University (2001). Retrieved on 2007-01-01.
^ The Johns Hopkins University: Nobel Prize Winners
^ "American Library Association Fact Sheet". ALA (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
^ Saxe, Lindsay (2001-09-14). "A Strange Law Exists in Maryland", Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved on 2006-11-22.
^ Mikkelson, Barbara (2003-10-07). "House of the Writhing Son". Snopes.com. Retrieved on 2006-11-22.
^ "Charles Commons". Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
^ [1]
^ “With the publication of the first of The Black and Blue Jay in November 1920“
Sean DiGiovanna; Wendell O'Brien & Charlene Mendoza. "Records of The Black and Blue Jay/The Blue Jay". The Ferdinand Hamburger Archives, The Milton S. Eisenhower Library. Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
^ Kwon, Yong (1997-09-25). "Where did they get that darn Blue Jay?". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
^ Krut-Landau, Raphael (2006-11-02). "The Black and Blue Jay returns to campus with a vengeance". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter.
^ ^a ^b ^c "2008 JHU Sustainability Initiatives". Johns Hopkins University (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
^ ^a ^b

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